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A demographic transition model (DTM) represents the changes in population trends over time, illustrating how a country's population structure evolves through different stages in response to socio-economic development. The model typically outlines five stages, beginning with high birth and death rates and transitioning to low birth and death rates as a country develops economically and socially.

This framework helps demographers and geographers understand how factors like industrialization, urbanization, and improvements in health care and education impact population growth and demographic characteristics. By highlighting key transitions, such as shifts from high fertility and mortality rates to lower ones, the model provides insights into population dynamics, including changes in age distribution and life expectancy.

Other options, while related to human geography, do not accurately describe the DTM's focus on demographic shifts and trends specifically.